Impact of Down Syndrome and Cystic Fibrosis

Impact of Down Syndrome and Cystic Fibrosis Chantelle Bailey In this assignment I will discuss the using research to explain the impact of Down syndrome and Cystic Fibrosis on the individual and the society (family, NHS, family, friends and schooling). I will also identify specific examples of chromosome mutations and why they are so significant to each one (mentioned above). Downs Syndrome Down’s syndrome (Down syndrome) is a genetic disorder that causes some level of learning disabilities and a distinctive kind of physical features. There are three types of Down syndrome which I will talk about individually these are Trisomy 21, Translocation and Mosaicism. These are the chromosome mutations which cause Down syndrome. Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder triggered by an error in cell division. This is when a person has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the normal two copies. This disorder can lead to impairments in both mental ability and physical development that can range from minor to moderate developmental disabilities. A lot of babies born with Down’s syndrome are diagnosed with the disorder after birth these babies are likely to have some of the following. Have reduced muscle tone which can lead to floppiness (hypotonia) Their eyes will slant upwards and outwards. They might have a palmar crease where they only have one crease across their palm. There average weight and length might be below a normal baby. They might have a small nose and flattened nasal bridge. A smaller mouth A sandal gap (where they have a big space between their first and second toe. Children with Down syndrome may share some common physical traits; they do not all look the same. Their personalities will vary and their ability to do things. All babies born with Down syndrome will have some form of learning disability it will be different to each individual child. In some circumstances, babies who have the disorder are identified before birth through antenatal screening for Down’s syndrome. If you have positive results for Down syndrome there will be further tests available to decide how likely it is. The screening tests won’t tell you for definite if your baby has Down’s syndrome. The only definite way to see if your baby has Downs syndrome is to take a sample of the baby’s blood. Antenatal screening is offered to pregnant women of any age for genetic disorders. However the disorder is still often diagnosed after birth, so they can see the physical characteristics of the baby. Antenatal screening is a way to assess the possibility of your baby having or developing and abnormality disorder during pregnancy. The test should be offered at the end of the first trimester (11-13 weeks). It is possible to have the screening up to 20 weeks of pregnancy although you may have to have more blood tests. The screening tests can help reassure you that your baby has no detected abnormalities, help give you time to be ready for the arrival of baby who has additional needs and enable you to come to a decision about maybe even terminating the pregnancy. The testing can provide vital information for the care you receive during your pregnancy. However no test can ensure your baby will be born without an abnormality of some kind as some abnormalities may remain undetected. If your test comes back as high you might be offered pre-natal diagnostic tests. This is where they will find how likely it is that your baby will be born with a suspected condition (will never be 100% accurate). The testing they used to diagnose during pregnancy is known as the â€Å"combined test† this will include a blood test and ultrasound scan. A sample of your blood is taken and tested this is to check the levels of certain hormones and proteins. If your blood test comes back which contains abnormal levels of these substances (proteins and hormones), you will have an increased chance of having a baby with Down’s syndrome. When you have an ultrasound scan (nuchal translucency) they will measure the fluid behind the baby’s neck the thickness of this fluid will help in determining whether or not your baby is likely to have downs syndrome. If your baby has a chance of this condition you may be advised by the doctor to have further tests. These tests will probably be Chronic villus sampling or amniocentesis (this will happen whilst the baby is in the womb). Both of these tests carry complications but you will be told about them when you have these tests. Chronic villus sampling (CVS) comprises of taking a sample of the placenta for closer examination. CVS is performed after 10 weeks of pregnancy. The sample is done by passing a small needle through your abdomen or vagina and neck of your womb (cervix). The needle is guided into the correct position whilst having an ultrasound scan. The sample will be sent for testing and the results will come back to let you know of your baby has Down’s syndrome. The complications which can arise from this test are infection, heavy bleeding and even miscarriage. 1 in every 100women will miscarry following CVS. Amniocentesis comprises of a small sample of the fluid which surrounds the baby (amniotic fluid) for closer examination. This test is usually carried out after 15 weeks of pregnancy and can be done up to week 22. The same way CVS is taken through the abdomen will be used for this test and with an ultrasound scan. They will use a syringe and take a sample of the fluid and will be sent for testing. The complications which can arise from this is infection and injury to you or your baby. There is also a 1 in 100 chance of miscarriage the same with CVS. When you are informed of the outcome of your tests you might find this difficult to deal with. Obviously there will be an impact on not only your lives but also going through with the pregnancy. The baby will need more attention than a normal baby throughout its life so the impact can be difficult. The parents will be offered counselling where they can discuss this and the impact of this. It will help to make an informed decision whether or not to carry on with the pregnancy. After the birth of your baby (when you have gone ahead with the pregnancy) is when the initial diagnosis is made based upon your baby’s physical appearance. For a doctor to definitely diagnose Down’s syndrome they eill do a blood test called karyotype (this is where the chromosomes in the blood are analysed) if the results come back and it has found your baby has an extra 21 chromosome your baby will be officially diagnosed with Down’s syndrome. Like I mentioned before there are three types of Down’s syndrome and I will go through each one and explain what they are. Trisomy 21(nondisjunction) Trisomy 21 is when there is an error in the cell division called â€Å"nondisjunction†. Nondisjunction is a result of an embryo with three copies of the chromosome 21 instead of the normal two copies. In the normal process of reproduction, the egg and the sperm start out with the normal 46 chromosomes. The egg and the sperm will undergo cell division this is where the 46 chromosomes are divided into half and the egg and sperm cells end up with 23 each. When the egg and the sperm fertilize the baby will end up with a complete set of chromosomes half from the mother and the other half from the father. Sometimes though, an error occurs, when the 46 chromosomes are being split. Sometimes the egg or the sperm will keep both copies of the chromosome 21 instead of just having one copy. When fertilized the baby will end up with having 3 #21 chromosomes and this is called â€Å"trisomy 21† or Down’s syndrome. This is a typical cell division. 23 chromosomes from the egg and the sperm. Resulting, in 46 chromosomes. This is Trisomy 21 starting With the normal 46 chromosomes and cell division which results in 47 chromosomes. Translocation This type of Down syndrome is caused by rearranged chromosome material. Just like in trisomy 21 there are three #21 chromosomes, but one of the #21 chromosomes is attached to another chromosome instead of being separate. The extra #21 chromosomes is what causes the health problems associated with Down’s syndrome. In translocation Down syndrome the extra #21 chromosome might be attached to #13 or #14 chromosome. A room full of 100 Down syndrome babies you might not be able to pick out the one who had translocation Down’s syndrome. (fastbleep.com) How do these chromosomes get stuck together? A chromosome is made up of two arms connected by the centromere. In humans the # 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22 have very short arms and contains very little useful information, theses are called acrocentric chromosomes.

Analysis of pope joan Essay

The researcher analyzed Pope Joan’s life focusing on gender issues. The novel Pope joan written by donna wool folk cross is one of the keys to find the most important information and thus answer the questions and attain the objective of the study, also to gather the needed data library research and browsing various websites were done. This study aims to show how the pope upheld her empowerment in three levels of equality: conscientization, participation, and access. The study. The described how the Filipino women way of living differ to those women who live in the time of pope Joan’s time. Qualitative method of research was employed in the study.the novel pope Joan by donna wool folk cross served as the primary source of data. The study presented how pope Joan upheld women empowerment in different levels of equality. Based on the novel pope Joan build an institution for women named st.catherine to be able for them to learn and for them to have good reasons and be equal in decision making as well as to control the balance of power. these objectives of pope Joan contribute to the participation as one levels of equality. In the sense of conscientization, pope Joan corrected some cardinal priest as they preach that upon resurrection women’s imperfection would be remedied, eliminating that line might helpthe priest to achieve better effect with the female parishioners, pope Joan’s objective and mission did not affect the roman contemporary culture where conforming authority and power are played bt men, while women occupy the subordinate position in terms of access in levels of quality pope Joan rebuild the marcian aqueduct using the papal treasure for the health of poorest people in the city. She also applies her abilities and knowledge gain in fulda such good reasoning, and medical skill. In the light of the facts revealed, the researcher recommendation to improve critical thinking as well as raising of gender sensitivity awareness, students must have an open mind as they critically analyzed literary pieces on gender and development as they are future community leaders. Teacher of literature must consider instructional materials that will help in deeper understanding of the students on varied ways of advocating gender and women improvement and community.

How to Remember Dates for a Test - Memorization

Dates are often difficult to remember because they seem so random and obscure unless we can relate them to something specific. For instance, the American Civil War started in 1861, but unless you have a strong interest in the specific timeline of the war, you might not see anything distinctive about this date that would separate it from any other. What makes 1861 stand apart from 1863 or 1851? When trying to memorize a date, students can really benefit from a mnemonic system—a memory technique based on patterns of letters, ideas, or associations—to help them recall the right numbers in the right order. There is a multitude of ways to do this, and you just need to find the method or methods that work best for you. One of the principles of memorization is that you want to engage as many different senses as you can to remember something more profoundly. Simplifying Sometimes, memorizing dates can be as simple as leaving off the first two digits. If you are studying a particular time period, you already know in which century the events took place. Even though it might not seem like it, breaking it down to just two numbers can make memorization much easier. Similarly, splitting the number into smaller chunks can be of use as well. Some people find it easier to remember 1776, the year when the Declaration of Independence was signed, as 17 and 76. Connections/Associations Mathematical Operations In the spirit of employing as many of the senses as possible, lets build on the example from above. Think about the dates mathematically, and see how you could employ simple operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. For example, with 1776, or 17 and 76, you might notice that we are actually only working with three numbers: 1, 7, and 6. You may also notice that we can put these numbers into equations like these: 167 OR 7-16 With these operations in mind, and especially if you already know we are talking about the 1700s, you can remember that the last two digits, 7 and 6, are formed, by simply using the first two. Visualizations Another memorization technique you can add to anchoring 1776 deep in your memory is to visualize the number on a number line or as a bar graph. Put into a bar graph, 1776 would look like this: first number is very low; second and third numbers are high up there, on the same level; and the third number is just a little lower than the middle ones. This can also be represented by a line connecting the different bars. Imagine it going from very low, to very high and then descending just a bit. Or, since we are speaking about historical dates, you can employ another type of line and create a chronological timeline. Use Context. Make up a Story In the spirit of building upon other techniques, you can turn your mental or physical visualization into a story. The more outlandish or funny your story is, the more likely it will get anchored in your memory. A favorite mnemotechnic device is the Method of Loci, by which you imagine a place you are very familiar with, like your home or your route to school or work and then associate the pieces of what you are trying to remember to the different parts of that location. Another really powerful way of working with stories is to use the context, the history itself. This method works especially well when you need to memorize a multitude of dates. Think about the tiniest details, real or made up, that can be associated with the date(s) you are trying to learn. The more you can contextualize your dates, the more you will really grasp them, and thus memorize them. With regards to 1776, browsing the internet for snippets of information on the signing of the Declaration of Independence, looking at images associated with it, or going all out and reading loads and loads of fictional and historical documents about it, and creating your own version of what it all probably was like at that time, any of this, and definitely all of this can become very useful to your memory. Put It on Paper. Write and Draw Just like with vocabulary learning, drawing connections and even literally drawing can help you memorize dates faster. This is another opportunity to let your creativity shine and put the images and stories your mind creates on paper. You can simply write down the date many times; you can make it look really fancy as you decorate it in your own style; or, you can even create a full-scale drawing that implements the date inside of it. Sounds and Rhymes Another little trick can be sound. By connecting the mounting and descending line mentioned above with the tonal scale, you can sing to yourself a low sound, followed by two high sounds, and end with a tone just slightly lower than the last two. Or you can either make your own song using the date and its meaning and context, or you can use a song you already know and just replace some or all of the words by what you are trying to learn. The rhythm, tones, and rhymes of songs are great for any memorization. Two frequent rhyming examples for remembering dates are: ’59 was the date when Alaska and Hawaii became new states.In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue. The more you make the syllables of one part of your sentence match the other, the more rhythmical your rhyme will be, and thus you will remember it better. Movements Along the same lines, engaging your body in any memorization exercise can prove very effective. It can merely look like using your hand to trace the flow of the line you associated with 1776—low, high, high, lower. Of course, if you are feeling more adventurous or could use an energy burst, you can also squat down for number one, stand or jump up for the two sevens, and then lower yourself just a tiny bit to represent six. Interpretive dance, twisting your body into the shapes of the numbers can only be of help, or even simply dancing to the memorization song you just came up with can all be very useful. Connect To Something You Know You can also associate the dates with something that you know really well. Maybe 17 and 76, or only 76 are the numbers of your favorite athletes or are a part of your or someone elses birthdays or some other significant dates to you. Or maybe the date you are working with includes another well-known date such as Christmas day (24 or 25 based on where you are from), or you may connect number 31 with New Years Eve, or number 4 with the 4th of July. Putting It All Together. Cockney Slang To use many of the suggested techniques, try a practice from the London Cockneys. (A Cockney is an inhabitant of the East End of London, England.) Cockneys have an old tradition of using rhyming slang as a secret language, of sorts. The tradition originated centuries ago, and it was used by Londons thieves, traders, entertainers, and other members from the lower strata of society. In Cockney slang, Can you believe it? becomes Can you Adam and Eve it? More examples: Whistle and flute suitWhite mice iceTom Hanks thanksTrouble and strife wife Remembering Dates We can use the same method to remember dates. Simply think of a term that rhymes with your date. Make sure your rhyme is a little silly and that it paints a strong picture in your head. You can leave off the century, so that 1861, the starting date for the Civil War, becomes 61. Example: 61 Sticky gun Imagine a Civil War soldier struggling with a gun that has been covered with honey. It may sound silly, but it works! More Examples: 1773 was the date of the Boston Tea Party. To remember this, you could think: 73 Heavenly tea You can just picture protesters sipping lovely cups of tea right before tossing them in the water. 1783 marks the end of the Revolutionary War. 83 Ladies bee For this image, think of several women sitting on a quilt and celebrating by stitching a red, white and blue quilt. The most important element of this method is to come up with a great, amusing image. The funnier it is, the more memorable it will be. If possible, come up with a little story to connect all your mental images. If you have trouble coming up with a rhyme or have a lot of connected information to remember, you could set the information to a song. Usage The overall point of trying to engage as many senses as you can is to create for yourself many different relationships with the learning material. The more you are engaged with it, the easier it will be for you to save it in and then fish it out of your long-term memory. For this reason, you want to get involved with the numbers in front of you as much as possible. That may mean that you write out the number and its meaning 50 times, or that you insert it into your everyday conversations, emails, text messages. It may mean that you create a poster with it, or a timeline, or a story and then place it on your fridge or on the wall in your restroom. Or maybe, it may mean that you spend a long time and a lot of effort writing an article about the date or number you didnt remember, only to realize that you now know it by heart. Generally, if you set your mind to learning something, and you are really conscious, intentional, and persistent about it, it will find its way into your memory. So next time you are about to learn something really crucial, think, This is really important. I am going to remember this.

The Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allen Poe Essay - 1452 Words

â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† Analysis and Opinion Edgar Allen Poe, born January 19, 1809 in Boston Massachusetts, is famously known for his tales and poems of horror and mystery that evoked the interest of readers worldwide, and still do to this day. Some background about Poe is that his father, David Poe Jr., left his family early in Poe’s life, and his mother, Elizabeth Arnold Poe, died when Poe was just three years old due to tuberculosis. He had to be separated from his sister, Rosalie, and his brother, William, and eventually ended up living with John and Frances Valentine Allan in Richmond Virginia, where he became a prolific poet by the age of thirteen. Unfortunately, his talent was beat-down by his headmaster, John Allan, who would have liked Poe to follow in his footsteps and work for the family business. Poe was said to have preferred poetry over profit. He became heavily in debt when John Allan would not aid him in paying for his studies at University of Virginia in 1826. Poe resorted to gambling in order to pay th e difference, but ended up in debt. He travelled to places such as: New York City, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Richmond in search of opportunity. He finally caught a break when one of his many short stories won a contest in the Baltimore Saturday Visiter, and eventually began to publish more and more short stories. Poe’s struggle to become a great writer and ignore the people who did not believe in him or his work is what helps make Poe’s pieces all theShow MoreRelatedThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allen Poe1427 Words   |  6 PagesMeghan Amorim ENWR 106:29 Professor Ghoshal 27 September 2015 The Tell Tale Heart In â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart†, by Edgar Allen Poe, the reader is presented with the short story of a madman who narrates his murder of an old man because, â€Å"he had the eye of a vulture --a pale blue eye, with a film over it† (Poe 105). The narrator has thought thoroughly about his plan to murder this old man, and the murderer then stashes his body underneath the floorboards. Eventually, his guilt overcomes him and he startsRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allen Poe993 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† by Edgar Allen Poe, it is classified as a short story with horror fiction as the genre. This was written in three different types of fear during the Romanticism period. In this short story the encounter is filtered through the eyes of the unnamed dynamic narrator. The narrator consumes upon the old man’s eye and determines to perform a conscious act of murder. Fear is defined as a horrid feeling that is caused by a belief that a person or something is unsafe, most likelyRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allen Poe1103 Words   |  5 PagesThe Tell-Tale Heart I am doing my essay on â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† by Edgar Allen Poe. I am going to tell you about the author and what he is greatly known for, next I will summarize the story and tell you the main themes and parts of the story that really play a big role in the story, then I will describe all the symbolisms in the story, and last I will prove that the deed drove the narrator insane more than he was already. The author of â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† is Edgar Allen Poe. Poe was born onRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allen Poe1851 Words   |  8 Pagesdisease had sharpened my senses--not destroyed--not dulled them. Above all was the sense of hearing acute. I heard all things in heaven and in the Earth. I heard many things in hell. How, then, am I mad?† (Page 1, Poe). In the short story, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† author Edgar Allen Poe explores insanity; and provides a study of paranoia and mental deterioration through an unreliable narrator. Throughout this macabre, sinister, narrative short story, the narrator attempts to convince readers of hisRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allen Poe981 Words   |  4 PagesThe Tell-Tale Heart In the first-person short story â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† by Edgar Allen Poe Men have guilty intentions. A man can have a heart and do something harmful and have guilty intentions afterwards. It has a lot to do with how a person is feeling on the inside to actually determine their intentions. The Tale-Tell Heart follows an unnamed narrator who insists on his sanity after murdering an old man with a vulture eye. From the complex of all of Poe s short stories, The Tell-TaleRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allen Poe1703 Words   |  7 PagesIn â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart†, by Edgar Allen Poe, the narrator both experiences guilt from killing the old man in which he cared for and also the constant plea of proving his sanity. The narrator one day decides that he should kill the old man in which he cares for, due to the fact that he had an evil eye. Though insane and bizarre, the narrator thinks that he is not crazy; he just has heightened senses that allow him to hear things that no human could ever hear. The telling of the story from whateverRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allen Poe921 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† is a famous short story written by Edgar Allen Poe. The story was first published in 1843. This story is about an unnamed man who kills an elderly man due to his â€Å"vulture eye†. The man serves as the narrator in this story and describes to readers in detail as he carefully stalks the man, kills him and hides his body under his floorboards after he cuts him up. Eventually, the narrator’s guilt eats him alive to the point that he confesses his crime to three visiting policemenRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allen Poe934 Words   |  4 Pagesthe head and the arms and the legs†, said the madman (39). In Edgar Allen Poe’s short story, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†, the themes are vital for readers to identify with the madman’s reasoning of every single actio n he executes. Such events as in the first sentence would be difficult, if not impossible, to grasp without the knowledge of any themes. While some individuals may feel that themes are merely add-on elements in similar tales, this analysis will establish quite the contrary. The themes areRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allen Poe Essay2597 Words   |  11 PagesEdgar Allen Poe is one of the best short stories writers and known for his insane crimes and gruesome murders. How he portrays the murderer is his art and how he makes the readers feel is his talent. Often in his short stories he used common themes, but the plots are different. In comparing three of Poe’s short stories â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†, â€Å"Hop Frog† and â€Å"The Cask of the Amontillado† a reader can see common themes such as love and hate, revenge and insanity. In Poe’s story, â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart†Read MoreAnalysis Of The Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allen Poe1320 Words   |  6 PagesRory Spillane Mr. Bruno English IV period 8 1.29.15 Analysis of the Tell-Tale Heart Edgar Allen Poe was born on January 19th, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts. He went on to become one of the most famous American poets and authors in history. The subjects of his poems and stories were often morbid in nature, many of them having to do with death and murder. Unfortunately, the dark tone of his work reflected the darkness of his life, which was marked with notable instances of tragedy, such as the